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Chapter 4: Making the Most of Variables and Their Values 77 I copied the lines from Listing 4-1 and put them into a complete Java program. The program is in Listing 4-2. When I run the program in Listing 4-2, I get the output shown in Figure 4-3. Listing 4-2: A Program Uses amountInAccount import static java.lang.System.out; class Millionaire { public static void main(String args[]) { double amountInAccount; amountInAccount = 50.22; amountInAccount = amountInAccount + 1000000.00; out.print( You have $ ); out.print(amountInAccount); out.println( in your account. ); } } Figure 4-3: Running the program in Listing 4-2. In Listing 4-2, look at the first line in the body of the mainmethod. double amountInAccount; This line is called a variable declaration. Putting this line in your program is like saying, I m declaring my intention to have a variable named amountIn Account in my program. This line reserves the name amountInAccount for your use in the program. In this variable declaration, the word double is a Java keyword. This word double tells the computer what kinds of values you intend to store in amountInAccount. In particular, the word double stands for numbers between 1.8 10308 and 1.8 10308. (These are enormous numbers with 308 zeros before the decimal point. Only the world s richest people write checks with 308 zeros in them. The second of these numbers is one-point-eight gazazzo-zillionkaskillion. The number 1.8 10308, a constant defined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, is the number of eccentric computer programmers between Sunnyvale, California, and the M31 Andromeda Galaxy.)
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76 Part II: Writing Your Own Java Programs amountInAccount = amountInAccount + 1000000.00; …and make that number (1000050.22) be the new value of the amountInAccount variable. In an assignment statement, the thing being assigned a value is always on the left side of the equal sign. Understanding the Types of Values That Variables May Have Have you seen the TV commercials that make you think you re flying around among the circuits inside a computer? Pretty cool, eh? These commercials show 0s (zeros) and 1s sailing by because 0s and 1s are the only things that computers can really deal with. When you think a computer is storing the letter J, the computer is really storing 01001010. Everything inside the computer is a sequence of 0s and 1s. As every computer geek knows, a 0 or 1 is called a bit. As it turns out, the sequence 01001010, which stands for the letter J, can also stand for the number 74. The same sequence can also stand for 1.0369608636003646 10-43. In fact, if the bits are interpreted as screen pixels, the same sequence can be used to represent the dots shown in Figure 4-2. The meaning of 01001010 depends on the way the software interprets this sequence of 0s and 1s. Figure 4-2: An extreme close-up of eight blackand- white screen pixels. So how do you tell the computer what 01001010 stands for? The answer is in the concept of type. The type of a variable is the range of values that the variable is permitted to store.
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Chapter 4: Making the Most of Variables and Their Values 75 type that amountInAccounthas and whatever value amountInAccount currently represents) is the variable itself. If you think this distinction between variable and variable name is too subtle for you to worry about, join the club. Every variable name is an identifier a name that you can make up in your own code. In preparing Listing 4-1, I made up the name amountInAccount. For more information on the kinds of names in a Java program, see Chapter 3. Before the sun sets on Listing 4-1, you need to notice one more part of the listing. The listing has 50.22and 1000000.00in it. Anybody in his or her right mind would call these things numbers, but in a Java program it helps to call these things literals. And what s so literal about 50.22and 1000000.00? Well, think about the variable amountInAccountin Listing 4-1. The variable amountInAccount stands for 50.22 some of the time, but it stands for 1000050.22 the rest of the time. You could sort of use the word number to talk about amountInAccount. But really, what amountInAccountstands for depends on the fashion of the moment. On the other hand, 50.22literally stands for the value 5022/ 100. A variable s value changes; a literal s value doesn t. Assignment Statements Statements like the ones in Listing 4-1 are called assignment statements. In an assignment statement, you assign a value to something. In many cases, this something is a variable. I recommend getting into the habit of reading assignment statements from right to left. For instance, the first line in Listing 4-1 says, Assign 50.22… amountInAccount = 50.22; …to the amountInAccount variable. The second line in Listing 4-1 is just a bit more complicated. Reading the second line from right to left, you get Add 1000000.00 to the value that s already in the amountInAccount variable…
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74 Part II: Writing Your Own Java Programs Listing 4-1: Using a Variable amountInAccount = 50.22; amountInAccount = amountInAccount + 1000000.00; The code in Listing 4-1 makes use of the amountInAccountvariable. A variable is a placeholder. You can stick a number like 50.22 into a variable. After you place a number in the variable, you can change your mind and put a different number into the variable. (That s what varies in a variable.) Of course, when you put a new number in a variable, the old number is no longer there. If you didn t save the old number somewhere else, the old number is gone. Figure 4-1 gives a before-and-after picture of the code in Listing 4-1. After the first statement in Listing 4-1 is executed, the variable amountInAccounthas the number 50.22 in it. Then, after the second statement of Listing 4-1 is executed, the amountInAccountvariable suddenly has 1000050.22 in it. When you think about a variable, picture a place in the computer s memory where wires and transistors store 50.22, 1000050.22, or whatever. In the left side of Figure 4-1, imagine that the box with the number 50.22 in it is surrounded by millions of other such boxes. Before executing After executing amountInAccount = amountInAccount = amountInAccount + 1000000.00; amountInAccount + 1000000.00; amountInAccount amountInAccount 50.22 50.22 1000050.22 Figure 4-1: A variable (before and after). Now you need some terminology. The thing stored in a variable is called a value. A variable s value can change during the run of a program (when Meredith gives you a million bucks, for instance). The value that s stored in a variable isn t necessarily a number. (You can, for instance, create a variable that always stores a letter.) The kind of value that s stored in a variable is a variable s type. You can read more about types in the section Understanding the Types of Values That Variables May Have, later in this chapter. A subtle, almost unnoticeable difference exists between a variable and a variable s name. Even in formal writing, I often use the word variable when I mean variable name. Strictly speaking, amountInAccountis a variable name, and all the memory storage associated with amountInAccount(including the
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Chapter 4 Making the Most of Variables and Their Values In This Chapter Assigning values to things Making things store certain types of values Applying operators to get new values The following conversation between Van Doren and Vieira never took place: Charles: A sea squirt eats its brain, turning itself from an animal into a plant. Meredith: Is that your final answer, Charles? Charles: Yes, it is. Meredith: How much money do you have in your account today, Charles? Charles: I have fifty dollars and twenty-two cents in my checking account. Meredith: Well, you better call the IRS, because I m putting another million dollars in your account. What do you think of that, Charles? Charles: I owe it all to honesty, diligence, and hard work, Meredith. Some aspects of this dialogue can be represented in Java by a few lines of code. Varying a Variable No matter how you acquire your million dollars, you can use a variable to tally your wealth. The code is shown in Listing 4-1.
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In this part . . . In this part, you dig in and get dirty by writing some programs and finding out what Java really feels like. Some of the stuff in this part is specific to Java, but lots of the material is just plain-old, generic, computer program- ming. Here you concentrate on details details about data, logic, and program flow. After you ve read this part and practiced some of the techniques, you can write all kinds of interesting Java programs. In this part, you dig in and get dirty by writing some programs and finding out what Java really feels like. Some of the stuff in this part is specific to Java, but lots of the material is just plain-old, generic, computer program- ming. Here you concentrate on details details about data, logic, and program flow. After you ve read this part and practiced some of the techniques, you can write all kinds of interesting Java programs.
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Part II Writing Your Own Java Programs
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70 Part I: Getting Started
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Chapter 3: Using the Basic Building Blocks 69 12. From the menu bar, choose Build.Compile Project. If you typed everything correctly, you see the comforting Process completedmessage, with no error messages, at the bottom of JCreator s work area. The text appears in JCreator s Build Output pane, which now covers up the old General Output pane. (See Figure 3-15.) Figure 3-15: The result of a successful compilation. When you choose Build.Compile Project, JCreator compiles whichever project is currently active. Only one project at a time is active. So if your workspace contains several projects, make sure that the project you want to compile is currently the active project. 13. Check for error messages at the bottom of JCreator s work area. If, in Step 11, you didn t type the code exactly as it s shown in Listing 3-1, you see some error messages in the Task List pane. (Like so many other things, the Task List pane appears at the bottom of JCreator s work area.) Each error message refers to a specific place in your Java code. To jump the cursor to that place in the Editor pane, double-click the message in the Task List pane. Compare everything you see, character by character, with my code in Listing 3-1. Don t miss a single detail, including spelling, punctuation, and uppercase versus lowercase. 14. Make any changes or corrections to the code in the Editor pane. Then repeat Steps 12 and 13. When at last you see the Process completedmessage with no error messages, you re ready to run the program. 15. From the menu bar choose Build.Execute Project. That does the trick. Your new Java program runs in JCreator s General Output pane. If you re running the code in Listing 3-1, you see the You ll love Java!message in Figure 3-1. And believe me; messages like this are never wrong.
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68 Part I: Getting Started Figure 3-13: The Class Wizard s Class Settings tab. 9. In the Class Wizard s Name field, type the name of your new class. For this first project, I highly recommend the name Displayer. To be safe, use an uppercase letter D and lowercase letters for all the other characters. (Refer to Figure 3-13.) 10. Skip everything in the Class Wizard except the Name field. (In other words, click Finish.) Clicking Finish brings you back to JCreator s work area. Now the Editor pane has a tab named Displayer.java. For your convenience, the Displayer.javatab already has a tiny bit of code in it. (See Figure 3-14.) Figure 3-14: JCreator writes a bit of code in the Editor pane. 11. Type your new Java program. Add your code to the code in JCreator s Editor pane. For this first project, I recommend copying the code in Listing 3-1 exactly as you see it. Spell each word exactly the way I spell it in Listing 3-1. Capitalize each word exactly the way I do in Listing 3-1. Include all the punctuation symbols the curly braces, the semicolon, everything.
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