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Chapter 4: Making the Most of Variables and Their Values 87 Figure 4-6: The Brickenchicker dectuplets strike again. In Listing 4-5, the allTenOkayvariable is of type boolean. To find a value for the allTenOkayvariable, the program checks to see whether numberOfPeopleis greater than or equal to ten. (The symbols >=stand for greater than or equal to.) At this point, becoming fussy about terminology pays. Any part of a Java program that has a value is called an expression. If you write weightOfAPerson = 150; then 150is an expression (an expression whose value is the quantity 150). If you write numberOfEggs = 2 + 2; then 2 + 2is an expression (because 2 + 2 has the value 4). If you write int numberOfPeople = elevatorWeightLimit / weightOfAPerson; then elevatorWeightLimit / weightOfAPersonis an expression. (The value of the expression elevatorWeightLimit / weightOfAPerson depends on whatever values the variables elevatorWeightLimitand weightOfAPersonhave when the code containing the expression is executed.) Any part of a Java program that has a value is called an expression. In Listing 4-5, the code numberOfPeople >= 10is an expression. The expression s value depends on the value stored in the numberOfPeoplevariable. But, as you know from seeing the strawberry shortcake at the Brickenchicker family s catered lunch, the value of numberOfPeopleisn t greater than or equal to ten. This makes the value of numberOfPeople >= 10to be false. So, in the statement in Listing 4-5, in which allTenOkayis assigned a value, the allTenOkayvariable is assigned a falsevalue.
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86 Part II: Writing Your Own Java Programs only problem is that some of the Java API methods are geared specially toward 16-bit Unicode. Occasionally, this bites you in the back (or it bytes you in the back, as the case may be). If you re using a method to write Hello on the screen and H e l l oshows up instead, check the method s documentation for mention of Unicode characters. It s worth noticing that the two methods, Character.toUpperCaseand System.out.println, are used quite differently in Listing 4-4. The method Character.toUpperCaseis called as part of an initialization or an assignment statement, but the method System.out.printlnis called on its own. To find out more about this, see Chapter 7. The boolean type A variable of type booleanstores one of two values trueor false. Listing 4-5 demonstrates the use of a booleanvariable. The output of the program in Listing 4-5 is shown in Figure 4-6. Listing 4-5: Using the boolean Type import static java.lang.System.out; class ElevatorFitter2 { public static void main(String args[]) { out.println( True or False? ); out.println( You can fit all ten of the ); out.println( Brickenchicker dectuplets ); out.println( on the elevator: ); out.println(); int weightOfAPerson = 150; int elevatorWeightLimit = 1400; int numberOfPeople = elevatorWeightLimit / weightOfAPerson; boolean allTenOkay = numberOfPeople >= 10; out.println(allTenOkay); } }
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Chapter 4: Making the Most of Variables and Their Values 85 Figure 4-5: An exciting run of the program of Listing 4-4. In Listing 4-4, the first initialization stores the letter b in the variable myLittleChar. In the initialization, notice how b is surrounded by single quote marks. In Java, every charliteral starts and ends with a single quote mark. In a Java program, single quote marks surround the letter in a charliteral. If you need help sorting out the terms assignment, declaration, and initialization, see the Combining Declarations and Initializing Variables section, earlier in this chapter. In the second initialization of Listing 4-4, the program calls an API method whose name is Character.toUpperCase. The Character.toUpperCase method does just what its name suggests the method produces the uppercase equivalent of the letter b. This uppercase equivalent (the letter B) is assigned to the myBigCharvariable, and the B that s in myBigCharis printed on the screen. For an introduction to the Java Application Programming Interface (API), see Chapter 3. If you re tempted to write the following statement, char myLittleChars = barry ; //Don t do this please resist the temptation. You can t store more than one letter at a time in a charvariable, and you can t put more than one letter between a pair of single quotes. If you re trying to store words or sentences (not just single letters), you need to use something called a String. For a look at Java s Stringtype, see the section, The Molecules and Compounds: Reference Types, later in this chapter. If you re used to writing programs in other languages, you may be aware of something called ASCII Character Encoding. Most languages use ASCII; Java uses Unicode. In the old ASCII representation, each character takes up only 8 bits, but in Unicode, each character takes up 8, 16, or 32 bits. Whereas ASCII stores the letters of the familiar Roman (English) alphabet, Unicode has room for characters from most of the world s commonly spoken languages. The
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84 Part II: Writing Your Own Java Programs Table 4-1 (continued) Type Name What a Literal Looks Like Range of Values int 42 2147483648 to 2147483647 long 42L 9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807 Decimal number types float 42.0F 3.4 1038 to 3.4 1038 double 42.0 1.8 10308 to 1.8 10308 Character type char A Thousands of characters, glyphs, and symbols Logical type boolean true true, false The types that you shouldn t ignore are int, double, char, and boolean. Previous sections in this chapter cover the intand doubletypes. So, this section covers charand booleantypes. The char type Not so long ago, people thought computers existed only for doing big number-crunching calculations. Nowadays, with word processors, nobody thinks that way anymore. So, if you haven t been in a cryogenic freezing chamber for the last 20 years, you know that computers store letters, punctuation symbols, and other characters. The Java type that s used to store characters is called char. Listing 4-4 has a simple program that uses the chartype. The output of the program of Listing 4-4 is shown in Figure 4-5. Listing 4-4: Using the char Type class CharDemo { public static void main(String args[]) { char myLittleChar = b ; char myBigChar = Character.toUpperCase(myLittleChar); System.out.println(myBigChar); } }
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Chapter 4: Making the Most of Variables and Their Values 83 You can give variables their starting values in a declaration. In Listing 4-3 for instance, one declaration can replace several lines in the mainmethod (all but the calls to printand println). int weightOfAPerson = 150, elevatorWeightLimit = 1400, numberOfPeople = elevatorWeightLimit / weightOfAPerson; When you do this, you don t say that you re assigning values to variables. The pieces of the declarations with equal signs in them aren t really called assignment statements. Instead, you say that you re initializing the variables. Believe it or not, keeping this distinction in mind is helpful. Like everything else in life, initializing a variable has advantages and disadvantages: When you combine six lines of Listing 4-3 into just one declaration, the code becomes more concise. Sometimes, concise code is easier to read. Sometimes it s not. As a programmer, it s your judgment call. By initializing a variable, you may automatically avoid certain programming errors. For an example, see Chapter 7. In some situations, you have no choice. The nature of your code forces you either to initialize or not to initialize. For an example that doesn t lend itself to variable initialization, see the deleting-evidence program in Chapter 6. The Atoms: Java s Primitive Types The words int and double, which I describe in the previous sections, are examples of primitive types (also known as simple types) in Java. The Java language has exactly eight primitive types. As a newcomer to Java, you can pretty much ignore all but four of these types. (As programming languages go, Java is nice and compact that way.) The complete list of primitive types is shown in Table 4-1. Table 4-1 Java s Primitive Types Type Name What a Literal Looks Like Range of Values Whole number types byte (byte)42 128 to 127 short (short)42 32768 to 32767 (continued)
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82 Part II: Writing Your Own Java Programs Four ways to store whole numbers Java has four different types of whole numbers. The types are called byte, short, int, and long. Unlike the complicated story about the accuracy of types float and double, the only thing that matters when you choose among the whole number types is the size of the number that you re trying to store. If you want to use numbers larger than 127, don t use byte. To store numbers larger than 32767, don t use short. Most of the time, you ll use int. But if you need to store numbers larger than 2147483647, for- sake intin favor of long. (A long numbercan be as big as 9223372036854775807.) For the whole story, see Table 4-1. At the core of the Brickenchicker elevator problem, you ve got whole numbers numbers with no digits beyond the decimal point. When you divide 1,400 by 150, you get 91/3, but you shouldn t take the 1/3 seriously. No matter how hard you try, you can t squeeze an extra 50 pounds worth of Brickenchicker dectuplet onto the elevator. This fact is reflected nicely in Java. In Listing 4-3, all three variables (weightOfAPerson, elevatorWeightLimit, and numberOfPeople) are of type int. An intvalue is a whole number. When you divide one intvalue by another (as you do with the slash in Listing 4-3), you get another int. When you divide 1,400 by 150, you get 9 not 91/ 3. You see this in Figure 4-4. Taken together, the following statements put the number 9 on the computer screen: numberOfPeople = elevatorWeightLimit / weightOfAPerson; out.print(numberOfPeople); Combining Declarations and Initializing Variables Look back at Listing 4-3. In that listing, you see three variable declarations one for each of the program s three intvariables. I could have done the same thing with just one declaration: int weightOfAPerson, elevatorWeightLimit, numberOfPeople; If two variables have completely different types, you can t create both variables in the same declaration. For instance, to create an intvariable named weightOfFred and a doublevariable named amountInFredsAccount, you need two separate variable declarations.
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Chapter 4: Making the Most of Variables and Their Values 81 Listing 4-3: Using the int Type import static java.lang.System.out; class ElevatorFitter { public static void main(String args[]) { int weightOfAPerson; int elevatorWeightLimit; int numberOfPeople; weightOfAPerson = 150; elevatorWeightLimit = 1400; numberOfPeople = elevatorWeightLimit / weightOfAPerson; out.print( You can fit ); out.print(numberOfPeople); out.println( people on the elevator. ); } } The story behind the program in Listing 4-3 takes some heavy-duty explaining. So here goes: You have a hotel elevator whose weight capacity is 1,400 pounds. One weekend, the hotel hosts the Brickenchicker family reunion. A certain branch of the Brickenchicker family has been blessed with identical dectuplets (ten siblings, all with the same physical characteristics). Normally, each of the Brickenchicker dectuplets weighs exactly 145 pounds. But on Saturday, the family has a big catered lunch, and, because lunch included strawberry shortcake, each of the Brickenchicker dectuplets now weighs 150 pounds. Immediately after lunch, all ten of the Brickenchicker dectuplets arrive at the elevator at exactly the same time. (Why not? All ten of them think alike.) So, the question is, how many of the dectuplets can fit on the elevator? Now remember, if you put one ounce more than 1,400 pounds of weight on the elevator, the elevator cable breaks, plunging all dectuplets on the elevator to their sudden (and costly) deaths. The answer to the Brickenchicker riddle (the output of the program of Listing 4-3) is shown in Figure 4-4. Figure 4-4: Save the Brickenchickers.
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80 Part II: Writing Your Own Java Programs In Listing 4-2, you announce in the introduction (in the import declaration) that you re using System.outin your Java class. You clarify what you mean by Systemwith the full name java.lang.System. (Hey! Didn t the first lecturer clarify with the full name Lionel Herbert Blythe Barrymore? ) After having announced your intentions in the import declaration, you can use the abbreviated name out in your Java class code. The details of this import stuff can be pretty nasty. So for now, just paste the import declaration in Listing 4-2 at the top of your Java programs. (Don t bother pasting this import declaration into a program that doesn t use System.out. It probably wouldn t hurt anything, but it would look very strange to a veteran Java programmer.) No single section in this book can present the entire story about import declarations. To begin untangling some of the import declaration s subtleties, see Chapters 5, 9, and 10. Displaying Text The last three statements in Listing 4-2 use a neat formatting trick. You want to display several different things on a single line on the screen. You put these things in separate statements. All but the last of the statements are calls to out.print. (The last statement is a call to out.println.) Calls to out.printdisplay text on part of a line and then leave the cursor at the end of the current line. After executing out.print, the cursor is still at the end of the same line, so the next out.whatevercan continue printing on that same line. With several calls to print capped off by a single call to println, the result is just one nice-looking line of output. (Refer to Figure 4-3.) A call to out.printwrites some things and leaves the cursor sitting at the end of the line of output. A call to out.printlnwrites things and then finishes the job by moving the cursor to the start of a brand new line of output. Numbers without Decimal Points In 1995, the average family had 2.3 children. At this point, a wise guy always remarks that no real family has exactly 2.3 children. Clearly, whole numbers have a role in this world. So, in Java, you can declare a variable to store nothing but whole numbers. Listing 4-3 shows a program that uses whole number variables.
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Chapter 4: Making the Most of Variables and Their Values 79 Another type type float also allows you to have numbers after the decimal point, but this type isn t as accurate. (See the sidebar, Digits beyond the decimal point, for the full story.) Don t sweat the choice between float and double. For most programs, just use double. An Import Declaration It s always good to announce your intentions up front. Consider the following classroom lecture: Today, in our History of Film course, we ll be discussing the career of actor Lionel Herbert Blythe Barrymore. Born in Philadelphia, Barrymore appeared in more than 200 films, including It s a Wonderful Life, Key Largo, and Dr. Kildare s Wedding Day. In addition, Barrymore was a writer, composer, and director. Barrymore did the voice of Ebenezer Scrooge every year on radio. . . . Interesting stuff, heh? Now compare the paragraphs above with a lecture in which the instructor doesn t begin by introducing the subject: Welcome once again to the History of Film. Born in Philadelphia, Lionel Barrymore appeared in more than 200 films, including It s a Wonderful Life, Key Largo, and Dr. Kildare s Wedding Day. In addition, Barrymore (not Ethel, John, or Drew) was a writer, composer, and director. Lionel Barrymore did the voice of Ebenezer Scrooge every year on radio. . . . Without a proper introduction, a speaker may have to remind you constantly that the discussion is about Lionel Barrymore and not about some other Barrymore. The same is true in a Java program. Compare some code from Listings 3-1 and 4-2. From Listing 3-1: class Displayer { System.out.println( You ll love Java! ); and from Listing 4-2: import static java.lang.System.out; class Millionaire { out.print( You have $ ); out.print(amountInAccount); out.println( in your account. );
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78 Part II: Writing Your Own Java Programs Digits beyond the decimal point Java has two different types that have digits float, Charles has an extra three cents in his beyond the decimal point: type double and account. By changing to the 32-bit floattype, type float. So what s the difference? When I ve clobbered the accuracy in the amount you declare a variable to be of type double, InAccount variable s hundredths place. you re telling the computer to keep track of 64 That s bad. bits when it stores the variable s values. When Another difficulty with floatvalues is purely you declare a variable to be of type float, the cosmetic. Look again at the literals, 50.22and computer keeps track of only 32 bits. 1000000.00, in Listing 4-2. The Laws of Java You could change Listing 4-2 and declare say that literals like these take up 64 bits each. amountInAccountto be of type float. This means that if you declare amountIn Accountto be of type float, you re going to float amountInAccount; run into trouble. You ll have trouble stuffing Surely, 32 bits are enough to store a small those 64-bit literals into your little 32-bit number like 50.22? Well, they are and they amountInAccount variable. To compenaren t. You could easily store 50.00 with only 32 sate, you can switch from double literals to bits. Heck, you could store 50.00 with only 6 bits. floatliterals by adding an Fto each double The size of the number doesn t matter. It s the literal, but a number with an extra Fat the end accuracy that matters. In a 64-bit double vari-looks funny. able, you re using most of the bits to store stuff float amountInAccount; beyond the decimal point. To store the .22 part amountInAccount = of 50.22, you need more than the measly 32 bits 50.22F; that you get with type float. amountInAccount = amountInAccount + Do you really believe what you just read that 1000000.00F; it takes more than 32 bits to store .22? To help convince you, I made a few changes to the code To experiment with numbers, visit http:// in Listing 4-2. I made amountInAccountbe babbage.cs.qc.edu/courses/cs341/ of type float, and the output I got was IEEE-754.html. The page takes any number that you enter and shows you how the You have $1000050.25 in your number would be represented as 32 bits and as account. 64 bits. Compare this with the output in Figure 4-3. When I switch from type double to type More important than the humongous range of the double keyword s numbers is the fact that a doublevalue can have digits beyond the decimal point. After you declare amountInAccountto be of type double, you can store all sorts of numbers in amountInAccount. You can store 50.22, 0.02398479, or 3.0. In Listing 4-2, if I hadn t declared amountInAccountto be of type double, I may not have been able to store 50.22. Instead, I would have had to store plain old 50, without any digits beyond the decimal point.
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