Chapter 1: All About Java 17 (Cheapest web hosting) The winding
Chapter 1: All About Java 17 The winding road from FORTRAN to Java Back in the mid-1950s, a team of people created a programming language named FORTRAN. It was a good language, but it was based on the idea that you should issue direct, imperative commands to the computer. Do this, computer. Then do that, computer. (Of course, the com- mands in a real FORTRAN program were much more precise than Do this or Do that. ) In the years that followed, teams developed many new computer languages, and many of the languages copied the FORTRAN Do this/Do that model. One of the more popular Do this/Do that languages went by the one-letter name C. Of course, the Do this/Do that camp had some renegades. In languages named SIMULA and Smalltalk, programmers moved the imperative Do this commands into the back- ground and concentrated on descriptions of data. In these languages, you didn t come right out and say, Print a list of delinquent accounts. Instead, you began by saying, This is what it means to be an account. An account has a name and a balance. Then you said, This is how you ask an account whether it s delinquent. Suddenly, the data became king. An account was a thing that had a name, a balance, and a way of telling you whether it was delinquent. Languages that focus first on the data are called object-oriented programming languages. These object-oriented languages make excellent pro- gramming tools. Here s why: Thinking first about the data makes you a good computer programmer. You can extend and reuse the descriptions of data over and over again. When you try to teach old FORTRAN programs new tricks, however, the old programs show how brittle they are. They break. In the 1970s, object-oriented languages like SIMULA and Smalltalk became buried in the computer hobbyist magazine articles. In the meantime, languages based on the old FOR- TRAN model were multiplying like rabbits. So in 1986, a fellow named Bjarne Stroustrup created a language named C++. The C++ lan- guage became very popular because it mixed the old C language terminology with the improved object-oriented structure. Many com- panies turned their backs on the old FOR- TRAN/C programming style and adopted C++ as their standard. But C++ had a flaw. Using C++, you could bypass all the object-oriented features and write a program by using the old FORTRAN/C programming style. When you started writing a C++ accounting program, you could take either fork in the road: You could start by issuing direct Do this commands to the computer, saying the mathematical equivalent of Print a list of delinquent accounts, and make it snappy. You could take the object-oriented approach and begin by describing what it means to be an account. Some people said that C++ offered the best of both worlds, but others argued that the first world (the world of FORTRAN and C) shouldn t be part of modern programming. If you gave a programmer an opportunity to write code either way, the programmer would too often choose to write code the wrong way. So in 1995, James Gosling of Sun Microsystems created the language named Java. In creating Java, Gosling borrowed the look and feel of C++. But Gosling took most of the old Do this/Do (continued)
File Transfer Protocol comes together with anonymous ftp access with every FTP Web Hosting account we offer today. Enjoy burs table ftp transfers together with fast FTP connection.